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Revue de l’Institut Napol\u00e9on<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n Num\u00e9ro 198 (2009-1)<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n Editorial<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n Le pr\u00e9sent num\u00e9ro de la Revue de l\u2019Institut Napol\u00e9on<\/em> fait une large place \u00e0 la guerre de la P\u00e9ninsule ib\u00e9rique, mani\u00e8re e contribuer au renouvellement des \u00e9tudes sur ce conflit qui a donn\u00e9 lieu, encore au cours de l\u2019ann\u00e9e 2009, \u00e0 une s\u00e9rie importante de colloques. Ce n\u2019est pas un hasard si la Commission Internationale d\u2019Histoire Militaire avait d\u00e9cid\u00e9 de r\u00e9unir son congr\u00e8s annuel \u00e0 Porto en septembre 2009 et de le consacrer aux guerres de l\u2019\u00e9poque napol\u00e9onienne. Les dizaines de contributions auxquelles ce congr\u00e8s a donn\u00e9 lieu ont montr\u00e9 l\u2019int\u00e9r\u00eat soutenu et le renouveau des \u00e9tudes en la mati\u00e8re \u00e0 travers le monde.<\/p>\n Mais l\u2019ann\u00e9e 2009 a \u00e9t\u00e9 aussi marqu\u00e9e par le bicentenaire de la guerre contre l\u2019Autriche, pass\u00e9 quelque peu inaper\u00e7u en France, mais qui a donn\u00e9 lieu sur place \u00e0 une importante exposition accompagn\u00e9e d\u2019un colloque international sur la question. Mais parmi les \u00e9v\u00e9nements cons\u00e9cutifs au trait\u00e9 de Sch\u00f6nbrunn du 14 octobre 1809, c\u2019est incontestablement la cr\u00e9ation des Provinces illyriennes qui aura suscit\u00e9 le plus d\u2019attention. La Croatie et la Slov\u00e9nie, deux des principaux pays h\u00e9ritiers de ces Provinces, dont une partie se trouve \u00e9galement aujourd\u2019hui en Autriche, en Italie et au Mont\u00e9n\u00e9gro, se sont employ\u00e9s \u00e0 faire revivre cette p\u00e9riode de leur histoire. Deux expositions ont \u00e9t\u00e9 organis\u00e9es en Slov\u00e9nie, tandis que l\u2019Acad\u00e9mie des sciences de Zagreb organisait en partenariat avec l\u2019universit\u00e9 de Zadar un grand colloque sur la Croatie \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9poque des Provinces qui a r\u00e9uni une quarantaine d\u2019intervenants parmi lesquels une douzaine de Fran\u00e7ais. L\u2019Institut Napol\u00e9on \u00e9tait repr\u00e9sent\u00e9 par plusieurs de ses membres, sous la conduite de son pr\u00e9sident d\u2019honneur, Jean Tulard. Ce dernier \u00e9tait \u00e9galement pr\u00e9sent lors de la c\u00e9r\u00e9monie organis\u00e9e \u00e0 l\u2019Arc de Triomphe en l\u2019honneur des soldats croates tomb\u00e9s pendant les guerres napol\u00e9oniennes.<\/p>\n L\u2019int\u00e9r\u00eat port\u00e9 par la Slov\u00e9nie et la Croatie \u00e0 la cr\u00e9ation des Provinces illyriennes peut surprendre. Apr\u00e8s tout, l\u2019exp\u00e9rience n\u2019a dur\u00e9 que quatre ans et si des r\u00e9formes ont \u00e9t\u00e9 engag\u00e9es sur place (administration, voiries, \u00e9ducation), la pr\u00e9sence fran\u00e7aise s\u2019est aussi accompagn\u00e9e d\u2019une occupation d\u2019autant plus difficile \u00e0 supporter que Napol\u00e9on avait bien pr\u00e9cis\u00e9 qu\u2019il n\u2019entendait pas qu\u2019elle lui co\u00fbt\u00e2t un sou. Pourtant la p\u00e9riode a marqu\u00e9 les esprits, comme en attestent par exemple la statue d\u00e9di\u00e9e \u00e0 Napol\u00e9on \u00e0 Ljubljana ou les noms de rues rappelant le souvenir de la pr\u00e9sence fran\u00e7aise, par exemple la rue Marmont de Split, l\u2019image du mar\u00e9chal Marmont restant tr\u00e8s positive dans la r\u00e9gion alors qu\u2019elle a \u00e9t\u00e9 ternie en France par sa \u00ab trahison \u00bb de 1814. Mais l\u2019int\u00e9r\u00eat pour ce bicentenaire est aussi tr\u00e8s li\u00e9 au contexte politique. La Slov\u00e9nie et la Croatie, devenues ind\u00e9pendantes \u00e0 la suite de l\u2019\u00e9clatement de la Yougoslavie sont \u00e0 la recherche d\u2019une identit\u00e9 qui passe aussi par l\u2019histoire. Or rappeler le souvenir des Provinces illyriennes, c\u2019est aussi chercher \u00e0 s\u2019arrimer \u00e0 l\u2019Europe. Certes la Slov\u00e9nie est membre de l\u2019Union europ\u00e9enne alors que la Croatie aspire \u00e0 y entrer, mais les deux pays ont utilis\u00e9 l\u2019occasion du bicentenaire comme avant eux la R\u00e9publique tch\u00e8que, la Slovaquie, et m\u00eame la Saxe, partie de l\u2019ancienne Allemagne de l\u2019est, l\u2019avaient fait, en cherchant \u00e0 mettre l\u2019accent sur une histoire commune, m\u00eame si elle fut conflictuelle, partag\u00e9e avec les pays d\u2019Europe occidentale, notamment la France. C\u2019est aussi une fa\u00e7on de se d\u00e9gager de la tutelle de quarante cinq ans de communisme.<\/p>\n L\u2019essentiel est \u00e9videmment que ces comm\u00e9morations aboutissent \u00e0 une meilleure connaissance de la p\u00e9riode et d\u00e9bouchent sur des travaux scientifiques de qualit\u00e9. Apr\u00e8s les souvenirs du soldat Pajk, la Collection de l\u2019Institut Napol\u00e9on accueillera une s\u00e9rie d\u2019\u00e9tude du professeur Zwitter, grand sp\u00e9cialiste des Provinces illyriennes, pour la plupart in\u00e9dites en fran\u00e7ais. Enfin l\u2019Institut Napol\u00e9on sera l\u2019un des chevilles ouvri\u00e8res du grand colloque international qui sera organis\u00e9 en mai 2010, en partenariat avec la Sorbonne et le Mus\u00e9e de l\u2019Arm\u00e9e, et en publiera les actes.<\/p>\n Jacques-Olivier Boudon<\/span><\/p>\n Pr\u00e9sident de l\u2019Institut Napol\u00e9on<\/em><\/span><\/p>\n <\/p>\n Abstracts<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n May 1808 : Joseph Bonaparte is made King of Spain<\/strong><\/p>\n by Vincent Haegele<\/p>\n The appointment of Joseph Bonaparte as King of Spain is one of the most controversial move of the imperial policy. Generally considered as a weak personnality if not incompetent, emperor\u2019s elder brother was neither appreciated by the army nor by most of the commentators of the time. Clearly, Joseph was totally unknown among the Spanish and this will favor the propagation of all kind of rumors (alcoholism, deformity, stupidity). But he had managed to stay two year at the head of Naples\u2019 kingdom where he succeeded, not easily, to bring peace to most of the territory while implementing an ambitious program of political reforms. During these two years, he also had to combat the Bourbon\u2019s house of Naples. Napoleon felt, for some good reasons, that his brother was the most qualified to solve the conflict which started in Spain, a conflict that he has underestimated. Joseph, who was awared of the feelings of the population of his new kingdom, was taken by surprise by the unexpected defeat of Dupont de l\u2019Etang at Bail\u00e9n and by his forced evacuation of his capital after only ten days of reign. These ten days were enough for him to evaluate his government composed of able persons but infatuated by their resentments againt the previous dynasty, by the amount of work they had to face without speaking of a disastrous financial situation.<\/p>\n Joseph, while trying behind the scenes to escape from his position as soon as July 1808, decided to face his responsabilities and try to save what could be saved. Between his arrival in Spain and the invasion of Napoleon in december 1808, he tried to save what remained of national independence. The brutal intervention of the empire and the increasing role of the french army in the ruling of the country triggered a disastrous conflict between the civilian institutions rallyed to the French and the imperial ones.<\/p>\n Messianism and propaganda An investigation of Lagarde in Lisbon<\/strong><\/p>\n by Sofia Mendes Geraldes<\/p>\n The emergence and the propagation of messianic movements reactivated during crisis periods faced by portuguese monarchy can be outlined when following the steps of Lagarde, the emperor\u2019s policeman, Lagarde\u2019s meticulous investigation shows the mecanisms of portuguese censorship, the napoleonic vision of freedom of expression, the methods to turn them round and how to use them for his own mission. Despite the progressive french hold on the country, the discovery of a sheet considered as seditious, circulating under cover of the portuguese censorship administration, shaked the french government headed by Junot. He saw this text as a serious threat embodied by Sebastianistic believes. Lagarde\u2019s investigation reveals the breach the text was able to cross. More than a\u00a0mere popular expression and the use of rumors spread on paper, it is showing a propaganda action aiming at an uprising against the invader.<\/p>\n Napoleon\u2019s journey in the southwest at the occasion of Bayonne\u2019s meeting<\/strong><\/p>\n by Jacques-Olivier Boudon<\/strong><\/p>\n The visit of Napoleon in the southwest of France is the longest of all journeys he ever made in the empire\u2019s territories, in space as well as in time. In fact, more than a large quarter of France\u2019s southwest, from Nantes to Toulouse, including Bordeaux, Pau, Tarbes and Agen is visited by Napoleon between April and August 1808. The emperor takes the opportunity of the meeting of Bayonne in order to solve spanish affairs to visit fifteen prefectures in four months. In fact, most of these visits are made after the settlement of the spanish problems in Bayonne but, from the beginning, the emperor manages not to reveal his real planning. He first announces a journey to the southernest departments in order to hide his intention to reach as quickly as possible the spanish border. But he ends to travel as announced into a region he never visited, knowing, thanks to his prefects\u2019s reports, that it is not an easy one in matter of enlistment and that is suffering also from the blocade\u2019s effects. It will be an opportunity to launch several public work programs in visited cities but mainly to show the physical presence of the emperor.<\/p>\n Lucien Bonaparte et le coup d\u2019\u00e9tat de Brumaire<\/strong><\/p>\n by Jacques-Olivier Boudon<\/p>\n The role played by Lucien Bonaparte, Napoleon\u2019s youngest brother, during the take of power the day after the Brumaire coup is essential. Lucien was involved with Siey\u00e8s in the preparation of the plot aiming at a constitutional change to reinforce the executive power. Holding a key position in the Cinq Cents council, he became its president on the 23rd of october 1799, one week precisely after the arrival of his brother in Paris. Clearly, the aura of the young general benefited him but this appointment revealed also the real authority he had over his colleagues despite his young age (less than 24 years). This power helped him during the coup. His coolness prevented Napoleon from being accused and his interference with the troops helped to justify the military intervention. In that, his action was decisive but will be also the source of future disapointments with his brother.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":" Revue de l’Institut Napol\u00e9on Num\u00e9ro 198 (2009-1) Editorial Le pr\u00e9sent num\u00e9ro de la Revue de l\u2019Institut Napol\u00e9on fait une large place \u00e0 la guerre de la P\u00e9ninsule ib\u00e9rique, mani\u00e8re e contribuer au renouvellement des \u00e9tudes sur ce conflit qui a donn\u00e9 lieu, encore au cours de l\u2019ann\u00e9e 2009, \u00e0 une s\u00e9rie importante de colloques. Ce […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"spay_email":""},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"http:\/\/institut-napoleon.fr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/880"}],"collection":[{"href":"http:\/\/institut-napoleon.fr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"http:\/\/institut-napoleon.fr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/institut-napoleon.fr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/institut-napoleon.fr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=880"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"http:\/\/institut-napoleon.fr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/880\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":907,"href":"http:\/\/institut-napoleon.fr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/880\/revisions\/907"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"http:\/\/institut-napoleon.fr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=880"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}